Contents
PART ZERO: AI level setting. 12
Chapter 1 AI and machine learning. 13
Chapter 2 Elements of neural networks history. 15
2.2 From birth of neural networks to an AI winter. 15
PART ONE: Neuroscience implications for HLAI 19
Chapter 3 Brain properties. 19
3.8 Electrical communication in the brain: axons, dendrites, nucleus, and synapses. 28
3.9 Molecular communication in the brain: neuromodulators and neurotransmitters. 31
3.12 Brain folds and neocortex columnar structure. 38
3.13 Early brain development 39
3.14 Brain activity, sparsity, and normalization. 41
3.15 Neuron mixed selectivity. 42
Chapter 4 Cognitive processes. 46
4.6 Vision and the rules of perception: visual intelligence. 51
Chapter 5 Time and space in the brain. 53
PART TWO: Theories, models, and algorithms. 55
Chapter 6 Theories of consciousness. 56
Chapter 7 Neurorobotics: Embodied AI 58
Chapter 8 Engineered brain architectures. 60
8.2 Cognitive architectures. 60
8.2.3 Semantic pointer architecture. 65
8.3 Adaptive resonant theory model of the brain. 66
8.4 Harmonic oscillator recurrent neural networks. 69
8.5.2 HTM and thousand brain theory. 71
8.6 Deep learning neural networks. 75
8.6.1 The birth of generative AI 75
8.6.2 LLM emergent properties. 77
8.7 Biologically plausible models. 83
8.7.1 Backpropagation in the brain. 83
8.7.2 Reinforcement learning. 85
8.7.3 Natural selection algorithms. 86
8.7.4 Biologically plausible neural networks. 87
8.7.6 Spike-based computation. 90
8.8 Hyperdimensional computing. 91
9.2 Neuromorphic processors. 93
9.2.1 Intel’s neuromorphic computing research. 95
9.5 In vitro neurons learn to play Pong. 97
PART THREE: Speculations towards human-level AI 100
Chapter 10 The possibility of creating HLAI 101
10.2 Drawing ideas from neuroscience. 102
10.3 Consciousness and HLAI 103
10.4 Visual thinking and consciousness. 105
10.5 Brain lateralization, visual processing, and intelligence. 108
10.6 Memory in HLAI systems. 109
10.7 The executive seat in the brain versus diffuse decision making. 109
Chapter 11 Methods to build HLAI 111
11.2 The intelligent robot as scientist 113
11.3 Evolving intelligent systems. 116
11.4 The key attributes and tests of an A/HLAI system.. 116